Horismenus camobiensis (Hym Eulophidae), a new hyperparasitoid of Cotesia invirae (Hym Braconidae) in Opsiphanes invirae (Lep Nymphalidae) pupae / Horismenus camobiensis (Hym Eulophidae), um novo hiperparasitóide de Cotesia invirae (Hym Braconidae) em pupas de Opsiphanes invirae (Lep Nymphalidae)

Abstract Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described based on morphological, molecular and ecological data; this new species of chalcid wasp acts as hyperparasitoid of Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in its parasitoid Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Diagnoses with morphological and molecular characters and illustrations are provided.

Resumo Horismenus camobiensis sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é descrita com base em dados morfológicos, moleculares e ecológicos; esta nova espécie Chalcididae atua como hiperparasitoide de Opsiphanis invirae (Hübner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) em pupas de seu parasitoide Cotesia invirae Salgado-Neto and Whitfield, 2019 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Caracteres diagnósticos morfológicos e moleculares e ilustrações de H. camobiensis são fornecidos.

Oviposition of Minstrellus grandis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) in a harmful ant-plant symbiosi

The oviposition behavior of the rare butterfly Minstrellus grandis (Callaghan, 1999) (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) is recorded for the first time. Two females laid eggs on the old leaves of an unidentified Triplaris sp. (Polygonaceae), a myrmecophytic plant typically known as 'Triplaria' or 'novice' tree, inhabited by aggressive 'taxi' ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). These observations suggest that M. grandis caterpillars live associated with one of the most harmful types of Amazon ant-plant symbiosis. (AU)

Temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the eastern extreme of the Amazon region

Rainfall is one of the most influential factors driving insect seasonality in the Amazon region. However, few studies have analyzed the temporal dynamics of fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon, specially in its eastern portion. Here, we evaluated the diversity patterns and temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies in a remnant of eastern Amazon forest in the Baixada Maranhense, northeastern Brazil. Specifically, we tested whether fruit-feeding butterflies are temporally structured and whether rainfall influences species richness and abundance. Butterflies were collected with baited traps in both the rainy and dry seasons for two consecutive years. In total, we captured 493 butterflies belonging to 28 species, 15 genera and eight tribes. Three species comprised about half of the overall abundance, and Satyrinae was the most representative subfamily. The fruit-feeding butterfly assemblage showed a strong temporal structure during the second year of sampling, but not during the first year. Species composition and richness did not differ between rainy and dry seasons, and neither abundance nor richness was influenced by rainfall. Our results indicate that seasonality is not a strong environmental filter in this region, and that other biotic and abiotic factors are probably driving the community structure. The predominance of palms in the Baixada Maranhense, which are used as host plants by larvae of several lepidopteran species (specially satyrines) and are available year-round, might have contributed to the observed patterns of temporal diversity. (AU)

Alagille Syndrome: Features and Outcome among Filipino Children

@#We report 13 children fulfilling criteria of Alagille syndrome. All had chronic cholestasis secondary to paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts and triangular facies. Eight children had associated congenital heart disease (six pulmonic stenosis, one each tetralogy of Fallot and patent ductus arteriosus), seven with butterfly vertebrae and one with posterior embryotoxon. Seven of the 13 children are alive and jaundice-free but three with concomitant hypercholesterolemia; the six other children died of liver-related complications.

Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): development and reproduction in Lepidoptera palm oil pests / Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): desenvolvimento e reprodução em lepidópteros-praga da palma de óleo

Abstract Brazil is a leading palm oil producer, but the defoliating caterpillars Opsiphanes invirae Hübner Brassolis sophorae L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) can reduce the productivity of this crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the development and reproduction of the parasitoid Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of these oil palm defoliators. Ten O. invirae or B. sophorae pupae with up to two days old were exposed each to 30 T. diatraeae females for 48 hours. Parasitism and emergence of the progeny of T. diatraeae were similar in pupae of both Lepidoptera defoliators. The life cycle of this parasitoid was shorter in O. invirae (21.50 ± 0.42 days) pupae than with those of B. sophorae (27.60 ± 1.80 days). The number of the progeny (669.00 ± 89.62) and dead immature (217.13 ± 58.18) of T. diatraeae were higher in B. sophorae pupae than in those of O. invirae with 447.83 ± 51.52 and 13.50 ± 5.23, respectively. The sex ratio and female and male longevity of T. diatraeae emerged from these hosts were similar. The reproductive traits, especially the number of individuals (offspring) of T. diatraeae were better with B. sophorae pupae than with those of O. invirae.

Resumo O Brasil é um dos principais produtores de óleo de palma, porém as lagartas desfolhadoras Opsiphanes invirae Hübner e Brassolis sophorae L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) podem comprometer a produtividade dessa cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento e aspectos reprodutivos do parasitoide Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em pupas desses desfolhadores da palma de óleo. Dez pupas de O. invirae ou de B. sophorae com até dois dias de idade, foram expostas, cada uma, ao parasitismo por 30 fêmeas de T. diatraeae , por 48 horas. O parasitismo e a emergência da progênie de T. diatraeae foram semelhantes em pupas de ambas as espécies de lepidópteros desfolhadores da palma de óleo. O ciclo de vida desse parasitoide foi mais curto em pupas de O. invirae (21,50 ± 0,42 dias) que com as de B. sophorae (27,60 ± 1,80 dias). O número de progênie (669,00 ± 89,62) e de imaturos mortos (217,13 ± 58,18) de T. diatraeae foram maiores em pupas de B. sophorae que naquelas de O. invirae com 447,83 ± 51,52 e 13,50 ± 5,23, respectivamente. A razão sexual e a longevidade de fêmeas e machos de T. diatraeae emergidos desses hospedeiros foram semelhantes. As características reprodutivas, especialmente, o número de indivíduos (progênie) de T. diatraeae foram melhores com pupas de B. sophorae que com as de O. invirae .

Humerus Shaft Fractures Occurring in Fly Fishing Boat Riding: Injury Scene Analysis / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze an injury scene during fly fish boat riding (FBR).METHODS: We conducted survey on 12 patients who had humerus shaft fractures during FBR between 2011 and 2016 at three university-based emergency rooms. Individual information, injury mechanism, classification of humerus shaft fracture, and combined injury were recorded from medical document and telephone interview.RESULTS: The injury happened when the kite was turned over and fall into the water in 10 patients (82%); the kite was turned over in the air in one patient (9%), and a leash between kite and boat was broken in one patient (9%). All patients showed 12-B1 or 12-B3 type distal humerus shaft fracture. And there were combined contralateral distal humeral shaft fractures in two patients, vertebral compression fracture in one patient, and radial nerve injury in four patients.CONCLUSION: Riding position and injury mechanism such as turning over may affect distal humerus shaft fractures with butterfly fragment during FBR.

Microscopic versus Endoscopic Inlay Butterfly Cartilage Tympanoplasty

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty makes the graft easy, and reduces operating time. The present study aimed to investigate the outcomes of microscopic versus endoscopic inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, the outcomes of 63 patients who underwent inlay butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty with small to medium chronic tympanic membrane perforation were evaluated. Twenty-four patients underwent conventional microscopic tympanoplasty and 39 underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty. The outcomes were analyzed in terms of the hearing gain and graft success rate. RESULTS: The surgical success rate was 95.8% in the patients who underwent conventional microscopic tympanoplasty and 92.3% in those who underwent endoscopic tympanoplasty. In both groups of patients, the postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) was significantly lower than the preoperative ABG. There were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative ABG values in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic inlay tympanoplasty using the butterfly cartilage technique appears to be an effective alternative to microscopic tympanoplasty and results in excellent hearing.

Testicular Fine-Needle Aspiration for Sperm Retrieval in Azoospermia: A Small Step toward the Technical Standardization

PURPOSE: The aim was to describe our preliminary experience performing testicular fine-needle aspiration (TEFNA) with a larger needle in infertile patients with obstructive azoospermia, and to provide a systematic literature review of the different testicular sperm aspiration techniques, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement recommendations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected data between March 2017 and June 2018. All men underwent bilateral TEFNA under analgo-sedation, using a larger disposable 18-gauge butterfly needle with 60 mL Luer-Lock syringe attached to it. RESULTS: Thirty consecutive patients were enrolled. Median operative time was 16 minutes (interquartile range [IQR]: 12–30 minutes). No intraoperative complications occurred. Two/thirty patients (6.7%) reported postoperative adverse events: 1 patient had prolonged orchialgia, 1 patient presented scrotal hematoma. Successful sperm retrieval was found in 28/30 cases (93.3%). Median sperm concentration was 0.05 ×106/mL (IQR: 0.001–0.1 ×106/mL). Median total sperm motility was 10% (IQR: 0%–15%). In 20/30 men (66.7%) sperm retrieved was used for fresh intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle, in 8/30 (26.7%) sperm cryopreservation was necessary, because on the day of sperm retrieval the female resulted not responder to ovarian stimulation. In this cases mean number of 3 (IQR: 1–4) bio system straws was cryopreserved. CONCLUSIONS: TEFNA with 18-gauge needle proved to be a feasible, safe and effective treatment, even if future prospective studies will be addressed to clarify what type of azoospermia benefits from this procedure, and if a larger needle permits to improve Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) outcomes.

Palpos labiales de la mariposa Prestonia clarki (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Ultraestructura de órganos sensoriales y sensilas / Labial palps of the butterfly Prestonia clarki (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Ultrastructure of sensilla and sensory organs

Resumen Los trabajos sobre palpos labiales son muy escasos en Lepidoptera y requieren del uso del microscopio electrónico de barrido. Los tres artejos de los palpos labiales de la coliadina Prestonia clarki se describen e ilustran, así como la distribución de las sensilas y de sus estructuras más distintivas: la mancha sensitiva de Reuter y el órgano Palp pit; el artejo basal es de mayor longitud y el distal el de menor. Se encontraron sensilas quéticas tipo 1 en la superficie de la vista lateral externa de los tres artejos. Las sensilas son más especializadas en el parche o mancha sensitiva de Reuter y en el órgano Palp pit. En la vista lateral interna de la sección proximal del artejo basal se observó esa mancha, la cual comprende un área alargada que integra cientos de microtriquias, diferenciada en tres secciones, cuya área adyacente muestra menor número de microtriquias y de menor longitud. En un corte longitudinal del artejo distal, en su porción más apical, se observó el órgano Palp pit, con forma de botella; en su interior se alojan dos tipos de estructuras, cuya disposición fue: sensilas celocónicas en la sección basal y microtriquias en la distal. Además, se encontraron en el interior del Palp pit dos tipos sensilares de difícil determinación, se denominaron sensilas quéticas tipos 2 y 3, así como las sensilas quéticas tipo 1, localizadas en el borde del Palp pit. Los tipos encontrados y su distribución en el Palp pit coinciden con lo descrito por varios autores en otras especies de lepidópteros.

Abstract Research on labial palps of Lepidoptera is scarce and requires the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. We describe and illustrate the three segments composing the labial palps of the Coliadinae butterfly Prestonia clarki, as well as the distribution of sensilla and both of palp's distinctive structures: the Reuter's sensitive patch and the Palp pit organ; in the palps, the basal segment is the longest, and the distal segment is the shortest. We found chaetic sensilla type 1 on the lateral outer surface of the segments. In the Reuter's sensitive patch and the Palp pit organ, sensilla are specialized. In a lateral internal view of the proximal section of the basal segment, Reuter's sensitive patch looks as an elongated area with hundreds of microtrichia, differentiated into three sections; the adjacent area shows fewer microtrichia of shorter length. In a longitudinal view of the distal segment, at the apex of the segment, is the bottle-shaped Palp pit organ; inside the Palp pit are coeloconic sensilla in the basal section and microtrichia in the distal one. In addition, two indeterminate types of sensilla similar to chaetic ones were found within the Palp pit; which we called chaetic sensilla types 2 and 3; chaetic sensilla type 1 are located on the edge of the Palp pit. The sensilla types and their distribution in the Palp pit agree with those described in other species of Lepidoptera. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1324-1346. Epub 2018 September 01.

Butterfly Cartilage Tympanoplasty Long-term Results: Excellent Treatment Method in Small and Medium Sized Perforations

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate and report the long-term results of the butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty. Short-term and long-term hearing outcomes were compared according to age and perforation location as well. METHODS: Ninety-three patients who were diagnosed with noncomplicated chronic otitis media and underwent microscopic transcanal butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty due to anterior, posterior, and central tympanic membrane perforation were included. Age, gender, follow-up time, pre- and postoperative pure tone audiometry thresholds (both air and bone conduction), pre- and postoperative air-bone gaps (ABGs), if any residual perforation was noted. RESULTS: At the end of the follow-up period, successful closure occurred in 88 of 93 patients and success rate is 94.6%. In all patients, including those with residual perforations, the mean preoperative bone conduction threshold was 15.9 dB (range, 5 to 50 dB) among all groups whereas mean air conduction threshold was 36.4±15.1 dB (range, 10 to 90 dB) preoperatively and 28.8±14.3 dB in 6th month follow-up and 24.9±14.1 dB 24th month follow-up. Preoperative mean ABG was 22.1±7.1 dB (range, 5 to 40 dB) whereas 13.3±5.9 dB 6 months after surgery and 11.9±5.5 dB 24 months after surgery. There was a significant difference between pre- and postoperative ABG in both 6th and 24th month follow-up (P(6 mo-24 mo) < 0.05). Furthermore, preoperative mean air conduction differed significantly from postoperative 6th and 24th month follow-up mean air conduction thresholds (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We suggested that butterfly cartilage tympanoplasty can be safely performed in small, moderate, and even large perforations, as the hearing outcomes and successful closure rate are similar to those of other surgical methods. Moreover, it can be performed under local anaesthesia and it has low complication rates.

Humeral Shaft Fracture Sustained during Arm Wrestling in Young Males / 대한스포츠의학회지

Humeral shaft fracture sustaining arm wrestling is rare, but occurs intermittently. We treated 15 cases of humeral shaft spiral fractures occurred during arm wrestling for fun since 2007. Average age was 22.47±2.69 years, average body mass index was 22.67±2.06 kg/m2. There was no prominent tendency for the fractures to occur at a certain phase of the match. Fractured level and length of each case were measured in the plain radiographs and compared with those of previous reports. Eight cases (53.3%) had an associating medial butterfly fragment, and the time taken until the fracture occurred was longer than that of simple spiral fracture (15.62±9.03 seconds vs. 7.85±2.67 seconds, p=0.048). Fractures were distributed mid to distal one third of humerus, the length of fracture was 7.93±2.69 cm and involved 25.43%±8.24% of humeral length. All cases except one treated surgically using plate and screws and returned their full activities within postoperative 3 months. Although arm wrestling is a simple and joyful sport, participants should be aware of the risks of injury during arm wrestling, especially for the amateur players.

Is Butterfly Effect in the Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry?

No abstract available.

Comparison of the Result of the Intramedullary Nail Fixation and Plate Fixation in Humeral Shaft Fracture with Butterfly Fragments / 대한스포츠의학회지

First aim of this study was to compare the results of the intramedullary nail fixation and plate fixation for the management of humeral shaft fracture with butterfly fragments. Second aim of this study was to appraise the necessity of anatomical reduction and fixation for butterfly fragment in humeral shaft fracture. Thirty-one patients with comminuted humeral shaft fracture were treated by reduction and internal fixation with intramedullary nail or plate. The criteria for inclusion were AO classification type B, follow-up period more than 12 months, diaphyseal fracture without involvement of joints. Eighteen patients underwent intramedullary nail fixation and 13 by plate fixation. The outcome was assessed in terms of the union rate, union time, incidence of complications, and functional outcome of shoulder joint. The union rate was 94.4% in intramedullary nail group and 100% in plate group. The average union time was found to be no significant difference between two groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons' score and range of motion of shoulder and elbow joint between the two groups in last follow-up (p>0.05). The union rate and average union time and functional outcome of shoulder joint was no significant difference between the intramedullary nail fixation and plate fixation for the management of humeral shaft fracture with butterfly fragments. It is recommended to select skillful technique to avoid technical errors rather than technique to fix of butterfly fragments.

FENOLOGÍA DE DOS PLANTAS NUTRICIAS, Centrosema triquetrum Y Rorippa indica, PARA PRODUCCIÓN COMERCIAL DE MARIPOSAS EN LA RESERVA PAWAY, EN EL MUNICIPIO DE MOCOA (PUTUMAYO) / PHENOLOGY OF TWO NUTRITIOUS PLANTS, Centrosema triquetrum AND Rorippa indica, FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE PAWAY NATURAL PARK, IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MOCOA (PUTUMAYO)

El Instituto Alejandro von Humboldt registra aproximadamente 3800 especies de mariposas para Colombia y en particular 350 para la Amazonía; que por sus características se han posicionado como una alternativa de biocomercio, pero una limitante para la reproducción, es la selectividad en su alimentación (monófagas). Por lo anterior, se realizó el estudio fenológico de dos plantas nutricias, Centrosema triquetrum y Rorippa indica, para la producción comercial de mariposas Morpho helenor, Ascia monuste y Leptophobia aripa, en la Reserva Paway (Mocoa - Putumayo), para planificar la producción, garantizando calidad y cantidad. Para la evaluación fenológica se tuvieron en cuenta cuatro fases (germinación, emergencia, desarrollo de las hojas y floración-madurez) y dos variables ambientales (temperatura y humedad relativa). El consumo de alimento se realizó suministrando forraje verde durante el desarrollo del ciclo larvario de las mariposas, en grupos de cinco orugas por especie. Paralelamente se calculó el porcentaje en materia seca para cada especie. Se determinó que Rorippa indica presenta un ciclo fenológico de 74 días, Centrosema triquetrum al cabo de un año no había florecido. La humedad presentó una correlación altamente significativa (p ≤ 0,01) para el desarrollo de las dos especies vegetales y la temperatura (p ≤ 0,01) para C. triquetrum. El ciclo larvario de Morpho helenor fue de 86 días, 20 para Ascia monuste y Leptophobia aripa, periodo en el que se les suministró forraje verde de la respectiva planta nutricia, consumiendo en promedio 22,9 gramos.

The Alexander von Humboldt Institute records about 3800 species of butterflies for Colombia and in particular 350 for the Amazon which, due to their characteristics, have been positioned as a biocommerce alternative though a limitation for reproduction is the selectivity in their diet (monophagous). Therefore, the phenology study of two nutritious plants Centrosema triquetrum, and Rorippa indica was carried out, for the commercial production of Morpho helenor, Ascia monuste and Leptophobia aripa butterflies in the Paway natural park (Mocoa - Putumayo), to plan production, ensuring quality and quantity. Four phases (germination, emergence, leaf development and flowering-maturity) and two environmental variables (temperature and humidity) were taken into account for the phenology assessment. Food intake was carried out supplying green fodder during larval development cycle of butterflies in groups of five caterpillars per species. Alongside the percentage of dry matter for each species was calculated. It was determined that Rorippa indica presents a phenology cycle of 74 days, Centrosema triquetrum after a year had not bloomed. The humidity presented a highly significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) for the development of the two vegetal species and temperature (p ≤ 0.01) for C. triquetrum. The Morpho helenor larval cycle was 86 Days, 20 for Ascia monuste and Leptophobia aripa, period in which green forage of the respective nutritional plant was supplied, consuming on average 22.9 grams.

Mariposas diurnas y nocturnas (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae) del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, Pacífico Colombiano / Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae) at the Natural National Park Gorgona, Colombian Pacific

Gorgona is a continental island at the Pacific coast of Colombia. For 26 years it was a prison but in 1986 it was declared a National Park, and the land was left aside for natural succession. This study presents a list of its Lepidoptera, compares it to a former study and discusses some ecological factors that could promote in situ biodiversity. Butterflies and moths were collected during three trips from October 2010 to May 2011. Butterfly observations were carried out along the main island paths. Baited traps using decomposed fruit, fish and chicken, were installed for three days at each zone (two kinds of bait per site) and sweep net catches were also made between 09:00h and 18:00h. For moths, black and white light traps were located in open areas. Town lights were also checked daily. Percent canopy cover was measured at each collection point. A total of 52 species belonging to seven families were found, of which 30 butterfly and 11 moth species are new records for the island. Cerro Trinidad and Sendero Chonta (22 and 20 species, respectively) were the richest places. Species richness did not decrease with canopy cover. Heliconious sara and Aeria eurimedia were the dominant species, but their distribution did not overlap. Three species were the most widely distributed in the island: H. sara (11 sites, 166 individuals), Calycopis cerata (10 sites, 71 individuals) and Ae. eurimedia (nine sites, 72 individuals). Catoblepia xanthicles occidentalis was found 87 years after the last report. Most species accumulation curves were not asymptotic suggesting that the diversity of the island is higher than expected. This study found twice as much the number of butterflies species reported for Gorgona and is the first record of moths for the island. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 317-328. Epub 2014 February 01.

Gorgona es una isla ubicada en la costa Pacífica de Colombia. Durante 26 años fue una prisión, pero desde 1986 fue declarada Parque Nacional Natural, y desde entonces se encuentra en un proceso de sucesión natural. En este estudio se presenta una lista de los lepidópteros de isla Gorgona y se analizan algunos de los ecológicos que podrían promover la biodiversidad in situ de este grupo taxonómico. Se recolectaron mariposas y polillas durante tres viajes realizados entre octubre de 2010 y mayo de 2011. Las observaciones de las mariposas se realizaron a lo largo de los principales senderos de la isla. Se instalaron trampas cebadas con fruta, pescado y pollo descompuestos, durante tres días en cada zona de trabajo (dos tipos cebos por sitio) como también capturas con redes de entomológicas entre las 09:00h y 18:00h. En el muestreo de las polillas se utilizaron trampas de luz blanca y luz negra en zonas abiertas, la luz se reflejó sobre una pantalla blanca para maximizar la atracción. Además, se realizaron revisiones diarias en los alrededores de las luces artificiales del poblado. Se registró la cobertura del dosel del bosque en cada punto de muestreo. En total, se identificaron 52 especies pertenecientes a siete familias, de las cuales 31 de mariposa y 11 de polillas fueron nuevos registros para la isla. El Cerro Trinidad y el Sendero de la Chonta fueron los sitios de muestreo con mayor riqueza de especies (22 y 20, respectivamente). La riqueza de especies de mariposas no disminuyó con la reducción de la cobertura del dosel. Heliconious sara y Aeria eurimedia fueron las especies dominantes en número, pero su distribución no se superpuso. Tres especies fueron las más ampliamente distribuidas en la isla: H. sara (11 siitios, 166 individuos), Calycopis cerata (10 sitios y 71 individuos) y Ae . eurimedia (9 sitios y 72 individuos). Se reporta Catoblepia xanthicles occidentalis después de 87 años. La mayoría de las curvas de acumulación de especies no fueron asintóticas lo que sugiere que la diversidad de la isla es más alta de lo esperado. Este estudio contribuyó a incrementar en más del doble el listado de especies de mariposas reportadas para isla Gorgona y contiene los primeros registros de Polillas para esta localidad.

Patrones de riqueza altitudinal de Papilionidae, Pieridae y Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) en áreas montañosas de México / Altitudinal richness patterns of Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) in Mexican mountain areas

Butterflies constitute an useful group to investigate biodiversity patterns in specific geographic areas. The aim of this study was to describe the altitudinal patterns distribution and to recognize the main grouping factors of these families. We conducted a comparative study between the butterfly fauna (Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae) of five Mexican mountain ranges (Sierra de Manantlán, Sierra de Atoyac de Álvarez, Loxicha Region, Teocelo-Xalapa and Sierra de Juárez), that included 34 sites of altitudinal ranges from 100 to 2 820m. Data was obtained from the Zoology Museum of the National University of Mexico, and comprised more than 60 000 butterfly records of 398 taxa (subspecies level) proceeding during the last 35 years. Fauna similarity between localities were analyzed using a cluster analysis by Sorensen similarity coefficient. Species richness showed a general tendency to decrease with altitude; the main difference was found between the locality with higher altitude and the rest of the sites. The principal factors affecting the identified clusters followed this order: the location in Pacific or Atlantic slope, and location on a particular mountain range. Three altitudinal levels (low elevations, up to 1 200m; intermediate elevations, from 1 200 to 1 800m; and high elevations, from 1 800 to 2 500m) were described in accordance to their main characteristic taxa. While Neartic elements were common in the highest altitudinal floor, Neotropical taxa were common in the lowest one. It was more difficult to characterize the intermediate level in which a high number of localities were clustered; this intermediate level was characterized by the presence of some endemic species. The results suggest that historical factors are preeminent in butterfly fauna composition in these areas. Future studies may include other Mexican mountain areas to obtain more information on the different factors (latitude, altitude, slope) influencing biodiversity patterns.

Las mariposas diurnas integran uno de los grupos más utilizados para el reconocimiento y monitoreo de la diversidad de una biota. Se realizó un estudio comparativo de las faunas de mariposas de las familias Papilionidae, Pieridae y Nymphalidae de cinco áreas montañosas de México, situadas en las vertientes Atlántico y Pacífico: las sierras de Atoyac de Álvarez, Manantlán, Juárez, y las áreas de Teocelo-Xalapa y la región Loxicha, con un total de 34 localidades representativas de los cinco transectos altitudinales, que comprenden de los 300 a los 3 100m de altitud. Se observó una tendencia general a la disminución de la riqueza con la altitud. Se analizó la similitud entre el total de localidades mediante el índice de Sørensen, diferenciándose en primer lugar las dos estaciones de elevaciones superiores (sobre los 2 500msnm), caracterizadas por pobres lepidóptero-faunas. En el grupo principal (32 sitios) las principales agrupaciones se dan de acuerdo, en primer lugar, a la pertenencia a la vertiente pacífica o atlántica, evento más histórico que ecológico y, después, las estaciones de una misma sierra o según tres diferentes pisos altitudinales, que se caracterizan de acuerdo con los táxones predominantes.

Population structure of two species of Heliconius Kluk, 1780 butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) / Estrutura populacional de duas espécies de borboletas Heliconius Kluk, 1780 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

As populações de Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius, 1775) e Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart, 1819 foram quantificadas em uma reserva florestal de mata semi-decídual na região central do Brasil, durante o período de um ano. As subespécies apresentaram tamanho populacional similar, mas com distintos padrões. A razão sexual foi diferente entre as subespécies: H. erato phyllis apresentou mais fêmeas e H. ethilla narcaea mais machos, na maioria dos meses. Variação sazonal no tamanho dos indivíduos foi observada em ambas as populações, entretanto, a distribuição da classe etária foi diferente entre os meses e as subespécies. Assim, os resultados desse estudo demonstraram que as populações de H. erato phyllis e H. ethilla narceae apresentam semelhanças em seu tamanho, mas com propriedades e variações mensais distintas.

The populations of Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius, 1775) and Heliconius ethilla narcaea Godart, 1819 were monitored in a semi-deciduous forest reserve in the central region of Brazil, during the one-year period. Both subspecies presented similar population size but distinct population patterns. The sex ratio was different between the subspecies: H. erato phyllis tending to have more females and H. ethilla narceae males, in most of the observations. Seasonal variation in the adult size was observed in both populations studied, however, the distribution of the adult age structure was different between over the months and subspecies. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated that populations of H. erato phyllis and H. ethilla narceae exhibit similar population size, but distinct properties and monthly variations.

Una nueva subespecie de Heraclides androgeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) y sus aspectos biogeográficos / A new subspecies of Heraclides androgeus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and its biogeographical aspects

Heraclides androgeus epidaurus was described and illustrated by Godman & Salvin in 1890 based on specimens obtained in Veracruz, indicating that their distribution encompassed both the Pacific and Atlantic sides of Mexico. Later authors commented that there were morphological differences between the male wings from both populations. We analyzed, described and nominated Heraclides androgeus reyesorum ssp. nov. Vargas, Llorente & Luis distributed in the Mexican Pacific coast, based on 62 specimens, and compared it with H. a. epidaurus from the Gulf of Mexico, based on more than 200 specimens housed at UNAM: Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias and the Colección Nacional de Insectos of the Instituto de Biología, as well as some collections from the USA. The main characters were the width of the yellow and black bands on forewings in males, which had a significant difference between the populations of both sides of Mexico, although some characters were variable and showed partial overlap. In the hindwings, the differences were the extent of the subterminal lunules in dorsal and ventral view. We also analyzed the male genitalia, finding notorious differences in both sclerotic processes of the harpe. Subspecific differences between females refer to the brightness and extent of green spots on the hindwings and the extent of lunules in the ventral view. The greatest abundance of H. a. reyesorum ssp. nov. was in the tropical deciduous forest, with gallery forest and in the lower range of the cloud forest, present at altitudes of 500-800m and 1 000-1 750m, respectively. We discussed the pattern of endemism due to historical vicariant processes and explain the presence of the new subspecies of H. androgeus and other taxa of specific level.

Hemos reunido evidencia de que Heraclides está formado por dos subespecies, cada una con caracteres propios que las distinguen; analizamos, describimos y nominamos a Heraclides androgeus reyesorum ssp. nov. que se distribuye en la costa pacífica mexicana. Los principales caracteres masculinos fueron la amplitud de las bandas amarilla y negra en alas anteriores, que al cuantificarse y analizarse tuvieron una diferencia significativa entre las poblaciones de las dos vertientes de México, a pesar que algunos caracteres son variables y muestran superposición parcial. En alas posteriores las diferencias fueron la amplitud de lúnulas subterminales en vista dorsal y ventral. Se analizaron los genitales masculinos, se encontraron diferencias determinantes en los procesos esclerosados del harpagón. Las diferencias subespecíficas entre hembras se refieren al brillo y extensión de las manchas verdes en alas posteriores y a la amplitud de lúnulas en vista ventral. La mayor abundancia de H. a. reyesorum ssp. nov. fue en el bosque de galería del bosque tropical caducifolio y en el intervalo inferior del bosque mesófilo, a 500-800m y 1 000-1 750m, respectivamente. Se discute la existencia de un patrón de endemismo analizado por Halffter (1978) y Morrone & Llorente (2006) que obedece a procesos históricos vicariantes y resume la presencia de subespecies nuevas en el Pacífico como en H. androgeus y muchos otros taxones.